Chapter 10 (and a bit of Chapter 9 carry-over!)

Can You....
1. draw the Lewis structure for a given covalently bonded molecule?
2. identify and count the number of non-bonding groups and bonding groups within a  given covalently bonded molecule?
3. predict the shape of the molecule based on VSEPR (that is, draw the Lewis structure and identify bonding and non-bonding domains...then use the tables relating total domains and bonding/non-bonding domains)?
    [note: for a test, you'll have to know the names of the different shapes possible]
4. use the shape of the molecule to predict whether the molecule will be polar (have a dipole) or not?
5.  explain what "VB" theory is?
6.  predict what type of hybrid orbitals are used based on molecule shape
7. Given two or more possible Lewis structures, use 'formal charge' to figure out which structure is preferred.
8.  Identify resonance structures and explain what this means.
9. Understand that some atoms do not adhere to the octet rule!

Chapter 11

Can You...

1.  Explain all the intermolecular attractions?
2.  Explain some of the general properties of liquids and solids (compressibility, diffusion, volume and shape, surface tension, ease of evaporation (e.g., boiling point), etc) and how intermolecular attractions determine these properties?
3.   Explain "dynamic equilibrium" and predict what will happen to a system under equilibrium that is perturbed or disturbed?
4.   Explain vapor pressure and the factors which it depends upon?
5.    Explain "normal boiling point" and how intermolecular forces affect it?
6.    Explain "phase diagrams" and locate/describe the critical point, critical temperature and critical pressure (also, what is a supercritical fluid?)?  Know how to 'navigate' a phase diagram
7.    Given two molecules, predict which will have the higher boiling point, vapor pressure, viscosity, surface tension?

Chapter 12

Can You...

1.  describe and explain the 'like dissolves like' rule?
2.  Use Henry's law to calculate the solubility of a gas in water (what are the conditions)
3.   Calculate concentrations and express them in M, m, % (w/w), mole fraction and percent mole?
4.   define what a colligative property is?
5.  Know how to create a solution of known molarity from the solid form (Fig 12.13) 
6.    Use Raoult's law for solutes in solvents (non-volatile molecules and non-volatile ionics); Use the 'combined Raoult's law' for two volatile liquids being mixed?
7.    Calculate the freezing point depression and boiling point elevation when a solute in dissolved in a pure solvent?

Chapter 13

Can You...

1.  write the general rate law expression?
2.  given experiment data, write the rate law expression (that is, find m and n like we did in class)?
3.  give the 'order' with respect to a reactant within a rate law; give the overall order given a rate law?
4.  write the integrated rate laws for 0th, 1st and 2nd order reactions; can you solve for each variable in the integrated rate laws?
5.  explain what an integrated rate law is all about?
6.  given experimental data, could you construct a x versus y graph to find the value of k, the rate constant?
7. Given a completed rate law, find the units of k, the rate constant?
8.  use the zero, first and second order half life equations?
9.  describe collision theory
10.  describe what activation is?
11. sketch a potential energy diagram for endo- and exo-thermic reactions? How would you find delta H of the reaction?
12.  given experiment data (temperature and rate constants), find Ea from a graph that is based on the Arrhenius Equation?
13.  describe what a catalyst does and how it would affects the potential energy diagram

Chapter 14

Can You...

1.  Calculate "Q", the reaction quotient for a given chemical reaction?  What does it mean in comparison to Kc
2.  Write Kp or Kc for a given chemical reaction at equilibrium?
3.  Relate Kp to Kc using Kp=Kc RT^Δn(g)?
4.  Identify a heterogeneous and homogeneous reaction?
5.  Describe Le Chatelier's Principle and know what happens to systems at equilibrium when perturbed by changes in concentration of reactants/products, temperature, and pressure/volume changes.
6.  Use the ICE table in calculations?
7.  Know when to use 'simplifying' assumptions in ICE table calculations?
8.  Given the Kc values for several chemical reactions, calculate the Kc for an overall reaction

Chapter 15

Can you...

1.    Define and understand the acid and base definitions according to Arrhenius, Bronsted, and Lewis?
2.    Predict relative acidities of binary and oxyacids using your 'rules for strengths of acids'?
3.    describe the autoionization of water and the concept of pH?
4.    describe the ion-product constant of water?
5.    Calculate pH knowing H+ concentration; pOH knowing OH- concentration?
6.    Can you calculate the pOH knowing pH or H+ concentration...and vice versa (recall Kw = 10^-14 and pKw is 14)
7.    describe how pH is measured or estimated in the lab?
8.    Identify the acid and base in an acid and base reaction?
9.    Identify the conjugate-base pairs in a chemical reaction involving acids and bases?
10.  Give the general equation for the ionization of a weak acid (and weak base)?
11.   Use Ka x Kb = Kw to calculate Ka given Kb or vice versa?
12.  Calculate percent ionization?
13   Give an idea of the relative strengths of acids and bases knowing Ka/Kb or pKa/pKb?
14.  Perform equilibrium calculations (e.g., determine equilibrium concentrations when Ka or Kb or known)

Chapter 16

1.   Describe what a buffer is and how it is generally made (what are the conditions you must have in order to have a buffer)
2.   Calculate the pH of a buffer using the Henderson Hasselbalch.
3.   Calculate the pH change after the addition of a small amount of acid or base.
4.   Describe buffering capacity and buffer range.